Glutamine (Gln, Q)
Polar, uncharged side chain, conditionally essential in the human diet
What is the charge of glutamine at pH 7.4?
At pH 7.4, the pH of blood plasma, glutamine carries a net charge of −0.02, and 98% of its molecules are the zwitterion, charge 0. Its side chain does not ionize, so only the α-carboxyl and α-amino groups are charged, and their charges nearly cancel. Its isoelectric point is 5.65, from Lehninger’s pKa values of 2.17 and 9.13.
Properties of glutamine
| Three-letter code | Gln |
|---|---|
| One-letter code | Q |
| Side-chain class (Lehninger) | Polar, uncharged |
| Side-chain group | amide |
| Formula (uncharged form) | C₅H₁₀N₂O₃ |
| Molar mass | 146.15 g/mol |
| pK₁ (α-carboxyl) | 2.17 |
| pK₂ (α-amino) | 9.13 |
| pKR (side chain) | none, the side chain does not ionize |
| Isoelectric point (pI) | 5.65 |
| Configuration at Cα (L form) | S |
| Hydropathy (Kyte and Doolittle) | −3.5 |
| mRNA codons | CAA, CAG |
| Human diet | Conditionally essential |
pKa values and pI from Nelson and Cox, Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 7th edition, Table 3-1. Formula and molar mass from the wwPDB Chemical Component Dictionary and the IUPAC standard atomic weights; codons from NCBI translation table 1; hydropathy from Kyte and Doolittle (1982); diet from the Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2005), chapter 10.
The values are facts and free to use; this page’s selection and presentation are © 2026 ScienceQuest.
Charge of glutamine at common pH values
| pH | Net charge | Most common form | Share of molecules |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | +0.94 | cation (+1) | 94% |
| 3 | +0.13 | zwitterion (0) | 87% |
| 5 | 0.00 | zwitterion (0) | 99.8% |
| 7 | −0.01 | zwitterion (0) | 99% |
| 7.4 (blood plasma) | −0.02 | zwitterion (0) | 98% |
| 9 | −0.43 | zwitterion (0) | 57% |
| 11 | −0.99 | anion (−1) | 99% |
| 13 | −1.00 | anion (−1) | over 99.9% |
The net charge is an average over all the molecules, so it can be a fraction; each molecule carries a whole number of charges, and the most common form is the one protonation state with the largest share.
Which form dominates between the pKas
- Below pH 2.17: the cation, net charge +1.
- pH 2.17 to 9.13: the zwitterion, net charge 0.
- Above pH 9.13: the anion, net charge −1.
Open glutamine in the Amino Acid 3D Explorer and drag the pH to watch each group gain and lose its proton, with every pKa and its pI marked on the pH slider.
How the charge at pH 7.4 is calculated
Each group is treated on its own with the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. An acidic group adds
−1/(1 + 10^(pKa − pH)), the share of molecules in which it has lost its proton, and a basic group
adds +1/(1 + 10^(pH − pKa)), the share in which it holds one.
Net charge of glutamine at pH 7.4
- α-carboxyl (pK₁ = 2.17): −1/(1 + 10^(2.17 − 7.4)) = −1.0000
- α-amino (pK₂ = 9.13): +1/(1 + 10^(7.4 − 9.13)) = +0.9817
- q = −1.0000 + 0.9817 = −0.0183
- q ≈ −0.02
How to calculate the pI of glutamine
Glutamine has two ionizable groups, so its neutral form, the zwitterion, lies between them and the pI is the mean of pK₁ and pK₂.
Isoelectric point of glutamine
- pI = (pK₁ + pK₂)/2
- = (2.17 + 9.13)/2
- = 5.65
Stereochemistry
L-glutamine is S at its α-carbon, as 18 of the 19 chiral amino acids are: its amino group outranks its carboxyl, which outranks its side chain. The R and S Configuration Explorer ranks the groups on a stereocenter step by step.
How glutamine compares with the other 19
- Glutamine is one of 5 amino acids in the class Lehninger calls polar, uncharged; the others are serine, threonine, cysteine and asparagine.
- Its molar mass, 146.15 g/mol, makes it the 9th heaviest of the 20.
- Its pI, 5.65, is the 6th lowest of the 20.
- On Kyte and Doolittle’s hydropathy scale it scores −3.5, the joint 3rd most hydrophilic of the 20, with asparagine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
- It has 2 codons, as do 8 of the other 19.
Is glutamine an essential amino acid?
Only conditionally. Glutamine is one of 6 conditionally essential amino acids: the body makes it, but needs it from food when its own synthesis cannot keep up with demand. The other 5 are arginine, cysteine, glycine, proline and tyrosine.
Classification from the Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2005), chapter 10, which calls the three lists indispensable, conditionally indispensable and dispensable.
Codons for glutamine
Glutamine is encoded by 2 of the 61 sense codons in the standard genetic code: CAA and CAG in mRNA, the same on the DNA coding strand, since none contains U.
The DNA to Protein Translator reads codons in a sequence of your own, and the Protein Synthesis Simulator builds the chain on a ribosome, one amino acid per codon.
Work with glutamine
- Amino Acid 3D Explorer: glutamine in 3D, with its charge at any pH
- Molar mass of C₅H₁₀N₂O₃, worked out atom by atom in the Molar Mass Calculator
- Henderson-Hasselbalch Calculator: the acid to base ratio of one group at any pH
- Titration Curve Calculator: the curve for a weak acid titrated with a strong base
- All 20 amino acids: pKa values, pI, charge and codons in one table
- Glutamine on Wikipedia