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218 interactive tools across 7 subjects. Everything runs in your browser, and every result can be shared as a link.

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218 tools

Mechanics 27

Projectile Motion Simulator Sim Animate a trajectory and read off range, apex and flight time as you change launch speed and angle. Elastic and Inelastic Collision Simulator Sim Collide two bodies and watch momentum survive every time while kinetic energy only survives a perfect bounce. Simple Pendulum Simulator Sim Swing a pendulum, add damping, and watch the small-angle approximation fail at large amplitude. Orbit Simulator Sim One launch speed slider walks an orbit from circle through ellipse to escape. Mass Spring Simulator Sim Simple harmonic motion with damping and a driving force, plus the resonance curve. Density Calculator Density, mass or volume, with g/cm³ and kg/m³ side by side.
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Kinetic Energy Calculator Kinetic energy, mass or speed from KE = ½mv², plus momentum. Force Calculator (F = ma) Force, mass or acceleration from F = ma, with g-force and weight. Pressure Calculator Solve P = F/A in mixed units and read the answer in atm, bar and psi at once. Work and Power Calculator Work from force, distance and angle, plus the average power over a time. Gravitational Potential Energy Calculator PE = mgh solved any way round, with the impact speed for that drop. Hooke’s Law Calculator Force, stiffness or extension from F = kx, plus the energy stored. Torque Calculator Torque from arm, force and angle, in N·m, lbf·ft and lbf·in. Momentum Calculator Momentum from mass and speed, plus the impulse and force to stop it. Centripetal Force Calculator Force and acceleration for a turn, with the result also in multiples of g. Mechanics Practice Problems Practice Generated mechanics questions, marked instantly, with the substitution shown. Kinematics Calculator Any three of u, v, a, s, t gives the other two, and it names the equation. Gravitational Force Calculator Mutual gravity between two masses, and why you never notice it. Inclined Plane Simulator Sim Tilt a slope, set the friction and a push, and see whether the block slides, how fast, and where its energy goes. Conservation of Energy Simulator Sim A cart on a track you reshape, with kinetic, potential and thermal energy bars whose total never changes. Double Pendulum Simulator Sim Two linked arms, a ghost released a millionth of a degree away, and the moment the two part company. Buoyancy Simulator Sim Lower a block into a liquid on a spring balance and watch the buoyant force share its weight. Free Fall Calculator Fall time and impact speed from any height, with and without air resistance. Time Dilation Calculator The Lorentz factor, time dilation and length contraction from a speed, γ, two times or two lengths. Motion Graphs Simulator Sim Run a cart through up to five stages and watch its x-t, v-t and a-t graphs draw, with live gradients and areas. PID Controller Simulator Sim Tune Kp, Ki and Kd on a cart or an oven, with actuator limits, anti-windup and a sampled controller. Free-Body Diagram Maker Visual Draw the forces on a block, a hanging weight, a mass in a lift or your own set to scale, and read off the net force.

Chemistry 43

Collision Theory and Activation Energy Simulator Sim See how few molecules clear the activation barrier, and why heating changes that so violently. Titration Curve Calculator An exact titration curve, with the equivalence pH and the indicator to match it. Radioactive Decay Simulator Sim Individual nuclei decaying at random, against the curve the formula predicts. Molarity Calculator Solve for any one of concentration, mass, molar mass or volume, with units from nM to M. Dilution Calculator Stock and diluent volumes for any target concentration, plus full serial dilution plans. Molar Mass Calculator Type any formula, including hydrates, and get molar mass, percent composition and grams to moles or particles.
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pH Calculator pH, pOH, [H⁺] and [OH⁻] for strong or weak acids and bases, solved exactly. Henderson-Hasselbalch Calculator Buffer pH from the acid-base ratio, or the ratio needed for a target pH. Percent Solution Calculator Percent w/v to g/L, mg/mL or ppm, and the mass to weigh out. Beer-Lambert Law Calculator Concentration from absorbance, or any other term in A = εlc. Half-Life Calculator Remaining amount, elapsed time or half-life for any decay process. Titration Calculator Find an unknown concentration from endpoint volume, with the stoichiometric ratio applied. Percent Yield Calculator Percent yield from actual and theoretical mass, with the shortfall. Periodic Table Ref Interactive periodic table of all 118 elements, with IUPAC atomic masses. Chemistry Practice Problems Practice Generated chemistry questions, marked instantly, with the substitution shown. Polyatomic Ions Ref Common polyatomic ions by charge, with formulae, names and computed molar masses. Empirical Formula Calculator Empirical formula from composition, plus the molecular formula from molar mass. Limiting Reagent Calculator Limiting reagent, theoretical yield and percent yield in one pass. Standard Reduction Potentials Ref Half-reaction potentials, strongest oxidant first. VSEPR Molecular Geometry Visual Lone pairs drawn, so the shape has a visible reason. Crystal Lattice Explorer Visual Unit cells you can turn, and the contact line that sets the maths. Titration Lab Simulator Sim A burette, an indicator and an exact pH meter, with your endpoint measured against equivalence. Chemical Equation Balancer Balance any equation, ions and half-equations included, with the working and an atom count. Rutherford Scattering Simulator Sim Alphas fired at a nucleus: their exact paths, angles and closest approach, and the counts against Rutherford’s formula. Galvanic Cell Simulator Sim Two metals, two solutions and a salt bridge, run down while the voltage falls and the electrodes change mass. Arrhenius Equation Calculator Find a reaction’s activation energy from two rate constants, or its rate constant at a new temperature. Bohr Model and Hydrogen Spectrum Simulator Sim Jump an electron between Bohr orbits and read the photon’s energy, wavelength and series. Atomic Orbitals Visualiser Visual Orbital shapes from the exact wavefunction, turnable, with every node counted. Integrated Rate Law Calculator Concentration, time, rate constant and half-life at zero, first and second order, and the order from data. Electron Configuration Calculator Configurations of any element or ion in full and noble gas notation, with orbital boxes and unpaired electrons. Freezing Point Depression Calculator ΔT = i K m for freezing and boiling points, solved for the change, molality, i or molar mass. Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Calculator Protons, neutrons and electrons for any isotope or ion, with the nuclide symbol. Nernst Equation Calculator Cell potential from two half-reactions at any concentration and temperature, with the free energy, K and the working. Stoichiometry Calculator Grams to grams, moles and gas volumes through a balanced equation. ICE Table Calculator Fill in an ICE table, solve for x exactly and test the small-x shortcut, or find K from equilibrium amounts. Born-Haber Cycle Calculator Lattice enthalpy or enthalpy of formation, with the Born-Haber cycle drawn to scale and every step labelled. NMR Splitting Pattern Visualiser Visual Choose neighbours and coupling constants to draw the splitting tree and see the multiplet it makes, line by line. Molecular Orbital Diagram Visualiser Visual Molecular orbital diagrams from H2 to Ne2, filled by Aufbau and Hund’s rule, with bond order and magnetism read off. HPLC and GC Chromatography Simulator Sim Watch two to four analytes separate on an HPLC or GC column, with retention times, plate count and resolution. Cyclohexane Chair Conformation Explorer Visual Flip a substituted cyclohexane chair and see which chair wins, by how many kJ/mol, and the ratio at any temperature. R and S Configuration Explorer Visual Rank four groups by the CIP rules, turn the stereocentre until group 4 points away, and read R or S from the arrow. Crystal Field Splitting Visualiser Visual Split the d orbitals in three geometries, fill them with electrons and see when Δ beats the pairing energy. Photoelectron Spectroscopy Visualiser Visual One peak per subshell for any atom from H to Kr, read off as a configuration, with a second element to compare.

Biology 75

Cell Doubling Time Calculator Doubling time and growth rate from two counts, or project forward. Centrifuge RCF Calculator Convert RPM to × g and back for your rotor’s radius. Nucleic Acid Quantification Calculator Turn an A260 reading into ng/µL of DNA or RNA, and get the volume needed for a target mass. Lab and Clinical Calculation Practice Problems Practice Generated lab and clinical calculation questions, marked instantly, with the working shown. Action Potential Simulator Sim Hodgkin-Huxley, with threshold and refractoriness emerging. Oxygen Dissociation Curve Simulator Sim The sigmoid curve, and what moves it left or right.
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Enzyme Kinetics Simulator Sim Km and Vmax, and how each inhibitor changes them. Acid Base Interpreter A blood gas worked through, one reasoned step at a time. eGFR and Creatinine Clearance Calculator Three estimates of kidney function, and where they diverge. Mean Arterial Pressure Calculator MAP and pulse pressure from a blood pressure. Albumin Corrected Calcium Calculator Total calcium corrected for albumin, both units. Serum Osmolality and Osmolar Gap Calculator Calculated osmolality, the gap, and tonicity. A-a Gradient and Alveolar Gas Equation Calculator Alveolar oxygen, the A-a gradient and P/F ratio. QTc Calculator Four QT corrections at once, with thresholds. Body Surface Area Calculator Four BSA formulas, and how far apart they land. Full Body Explorer Visual Peel a whole body, layer by layer. Full Skeleton Explorer Visual 203 bones, both sides, plus cartilage and membranes. Heart Explorer Visual Heart wall, valves, papillary muscles and coronary vessels. Male Reproductive Organs Explorer Visual Testes, ducts, prostate and the pelvic floor. Teeth Explorer Visual 28 permanent teeth, named by position. Great Vessels Explorer Visual Aorta, venae cavae and the named branches. Brain Explorer Visual 101 brain structures, gyri to ventricles, separable. Upper Limb Muscles Explorer Visual 114 upper limb muscle meshes, by compartment. Chest Wall Muscles Explorer Visual Diaphragm, intercostals and the chest wall. Abdominal Muscles Explorer Visual Abdominal wall in layers, plus pelvic floor. Back Muscles Explorer Visual 58 back muscle meshes, in six dissection layers. Body Surface Explorer Visual The body surface as one closed sheet. Lower Limb Muscles Explorer Visual 122 lower limb muscle meshes, by compartment. Head and Neck Muscles Explorer Visual 99 head and neck muscle meshes, separable. Internal Organs Explorer Visual Lungs, gut, liver, kidneys and spleen, separable. Cervical Spine and Skull Base Explorer Visual Seven neck vertebrae with the skull base above them. Vertebral Column and Pelvis Explorer Visual The whole spine with the pelvis it sits on. Upper Limb Skeleton Explorer Visual Scapula to fingertips, all to scale in one model. Lower Limb Skeleton Explorer Visual Hip bone to toes, all to scale in one model. Rib Cage and Thoracic Spine Explorer Visual All 24 ribs, twelve thoracic vertebrae and a three-part sternum. Lumbar Spine and Pelvis Explorer Visual Five lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum and both hip bones. Skull Bones Explorer Visual All 22 skull bones separable, plus the hyoid. Hand and Wrist Skeleton Explorer Visual All 27 bones, with the eight carpals separable and nameable. Knee Skeleton Explorer Visual Femur, patella, tibia and fibula, with the whole length of each. Ankle and Foot Skeleton Explorer Visual All 26 bones of the ankle and foot, nameable and isolatable in 3D. DNA Double Helix Explorer Visual The grooves, and the strand offset that creates them. Nephron Explorer Sim The loop, the gradient it builds, and what ADH can do with it. Resting Membrane Potential Simulator Sim Nernst per ion, Goldman for the membrane. Head and Neck Explorer Visual Bone, brain, teeth and muscle in one head. Thorax Explorer Visual Look into the mediastinum through the cage. Abdomen and Pelvis Explorer Visual Wall off, organs out, spine behind. Back and Spine Explorer Visual Peel the back, superficial to deep. Upper Limb Explorer Visual Arm muscles over the bones they move. Lower Limb Explorer Visual Leg muscles in their compartments, over bone. Primer Tm Calculator Primer Tm from the sequence and buffer by nearest neighbours, with the Wallace and GC rules beside it. Ligation Calculator Nanograms of insert for any insert:vector molar ratio, from vector mass and both lengths. Microscope Magnification Calculator Magnification, actual size, field of view and cell size for a light microscope. Punnett Square Calculator Genotype and phenotype ratios for crosses of up to three genes, with the square drawn. Reverse Complement Calculator Reverse complement, complement or reverse of DNA or RNA, with IUPAC codes, length and GC content. SIR Epidemic Model Simulator Sim SIR and SEIR epidemics with R₀, herd immunity and vaccination. Predator-Prey Simulator Sim Lotka-Volterra cycles over time and in the phase plane, with the equilibrium and exact period. Photosynthesis Rate Simulator Sim Light, CO₂ and temperature against the rate, with the limiting factor named and pondweed bubbles counted. Cardiac Cycle Simulator Sim Pressures, volume, valves and ECG through one heartbeat. DNA to Protein Translator Paste DNA or mRNA and read off the protein, codon by codon, in every reading frame. Diffusion and Osmosis Simulator Sim Diffusion or osmosis across one membrane, counted against Fick’s law. Hardy-Weinberg Calculator Allele and genotype frequencies from one known value or from counts, with a chi-square test of equilibrium. Cell Structure Explorer Visual Labelled animal and plant cells, with what every organelle is, does and measures. Mitosis and Meiosis Explorer Sim Mitosis and meiosis stage by stage, with chromosome and chromatid counts for your 2n. Protein Synthesis Simulator Sim Type a gene and watch RNA polymerase, a ribosome and tRNAs build its protein, step by step. Water Potential Calculator Solute and water potential for a cell and the solution around it, the way water moves, and the state the cell ends in. Mark-Recapture Population Calculator Population size from marked, caught and recaptured counts by Lincoln-Petersen and Chapman, with a 95% interval. Simpson’s Diversity Index Calculator Simpson’s D, 1 − D and 1/D from species counts, with Shannon’s index, evenness and a second habitat to compare. qPCR and ΔΔCt Simulator Sim Four Ct values to a fold change by 2^−ΔΔCt or Pfaffl, with amplification curves, a threshold and a standard curve. Muscle Twitch and Tetanus Simulator Sim Fire a muscle at any frequency and watch single twitches sum into unfused and then fused tetanus. Pharmacokinetics Dosing Simulator Sim Build repeated doses up to steady state and read the peak, trough, average, accumulation factor and loading dose. ECG Rhythm and Heart Block Simulator Sim A sweeping lead II strip and ladder diagram for sinus rhythm, heart blocks, AF, flutter and ectopic beats. Visual Field Defects Explorer Visual Place a lesion anywhere from optic nerve to visual cortex and see each eye’s field loss, named and explained. Bacterial Unknown Identification Lab Visual Run standard tests on 15 teaching bacteria, or enter your own results, and watch a dichotomous key narrow the field. Gel Electrophoresis Simulator Sim Run a virtual agarose gel with a ladder and digests, and size an unknown band from the semi-log standard curve. Spirometry and Flow-Volume Loop Simulator Sim Watch normal, obstructive, restrictive and upper airway flow-volume loops form, with FEV1/FVC read out.

Electricity 20

RC Charge and Discharge Simulator Sim Charge a capacitor through a resistor and watch where the time constant comes from. RLC Circuit Simulator Sim A series RLC transient, from ringing through critical damping to sluggish. LED Resistor Calculator Series resistor value, next standard part up and power for any LED. RC Time Constant Calculator Time constant, cutoff frequency and settling time for any RC pair. Ohm’s Law Calculator Voltage, current or resistance from V = IR, plus power dissipation. Capacitor Energy Calculator Energy and charge stored in a capacitor from capacitance and voltage.
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Wire Resistance Calculator Conductor resistance from length and cross-section, plus the voltage drop. Electricity Practice Problems Practice Generated circuit questions, marked instantly, with the substitution shown. Resistor Network Calculator Series and parallel networks, with the current in each resistor shown. Coulomb’s Law Calculator Force between two point charges, plus the field one of them produces. Solenoid Magnetic Field Simulator Sim The field through and around a real coil, and the halving at its ends. Resistor Colour Code Calculator Resistor bands to ohms and back, with tolerance, temperature coefficient and the nearest E-series value. Electric Field Simulator Sim Point charges you can drag, with field lines, equipotentials and a probe reading E and V. Electromagnetic Induction Simulator Sim A magnet moved through a coil: induced EMF, current and Lenz’s law direction. Capacitors in Series and Parallel Calculator Series, parallel and mixed capacitor networks, with the charge on each capacitor. Series and Parallel Circuit Simulator Sim Bulbs, switches and meters in series, parallel and bridge circuits, solved exactly. Voltage Divider Calculator Two resistors in series: the output voltage, or the resistor that gives a target output, with loading shown. Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field Simulator Sim Circles, helices, a velocity selector and a mass spectrometer, from the exact Lorentz force. Oscilloscope Simulator Sim Two signal generators on a scope screen: set the volts/div, time/div and trigger, then read the trace off the grid. Bode Plot and Filter Visualiser Visual Gain and phase of RC and RLC filters on log axes, with the straight-line asymptotes, the −3 dB point and Q.

Waves & Optics 17

Standing Wave Simulator Sim Harmonics on a string, with the two travelling waves that superpose to make them. Ray Diagram Simulator Sim The three principal rays, with the image located where they cross. Wavelength and Frequency Calculator Wavelength to frequency and back, for light, sound or any wave speed. Photon Energy Calculator Photon energy from wavelength, in eV, joules and kJ per mole. Snell’s Law Calculator Solve n₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂ for any term, with the critical angle shown for the pair of media. Thin Lens Calculator Solve the thin lens equation and get magnification with the image type spelled out.
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Decibel Calculator Sound level from intensity, with distance falloff and safe exposure time. Waves Practice Problems Practice Generated waves and optics questions, marked instantly, with the working shown. Double Slit Simulator Sim Interference fringes, and the single-slit envelope shaping them. Doppler Effect Simulator Sim Wavefronts from a moving source, and the shift they produce. Refractive Index Table Ref Indices, light speeds and critical angles for common media. Electromagnetic Spectrum Explorer Visual Radio waves to gamma rays on one scale, with wavelength, frequency and photon energy linked. Wave Interference Simulator Sim Two coherent sources, their nodal lines, and the path difference at any point. Refraction Simulator Sim Rays through a boundary, a glass block and a prism, with total internal reflection and white light split into colours. Photoelectric Effect Simulator Sim Which light frees electrons from a metal, how fast they leave, and what stops them. De Broglie Wavelength Calculator Matter wavelength, h/p, from speed, kinetic energy, voltage or momentum. Sampling and Aliasing Visualiser Visual A sine sampled at any rate, and the slower sine its samples describe once the rate falls below twice its frequency.

Thermodynamics 15

Heat Engine and Carnot Cycle Simulator Sim Run a gas around a thermodynamic cycle and read the work off the enclosed area. Ideal Gas Law Calculator Solve PV = nRT for any variable, with kelvin conversion handled for you. Calorimetry Calculator Heat, mass, specific heat or ΔT from q = mcΔT, in joules or calories. Heating Curve Calculator Energy from ice to steam, counting every stage a single m c dT misses. Thermodynamics Practice Problems Practice Generated thermodynamics questions, marked instantly, with the substitution shown. Latent Heat Calculator Heat to melt or boil a mass, and why the thermometer stops moving.
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Thermal Expansion Calculator Length change from a temperature change, plus the stress if it cannot move. Combined Gas Law Calculator Relate pressure, volume and temperature between two states of a sealed gas. Kinetic Theory Gas Simulator Sim Atoms in a box, with the gas law measured rather than assumed. Boyle’s Law Calculator Squeeze or expand a gas at one temperature and get its new pressure or volume, plus the work done. States of Matter Simulator Sim Atoms that freeze, melt and evaporate as you heat and cool them. Charles’s Law Calculator Warm or cool a gas at constant pressure and get its new volume or temperature, with kelvin handled. Gibbs Free Energy Calculator ΔG from ΔH, T and ΔS, or any one of them, with the spontaneity verdict, the crossover temperature and K. Gay-Lussac’s Law Calculator Heat or cool a gas in a sealed, rigid container and get its new pressure or temperature. Psychrometric Chart Explorer Visual Drag a state on the psychrometric chart to read its dew point, wet bulb and enthalpy, then heat, cool or mix it.

Maths & Data 21

Graphing Calculator Visual Type a function, get a curve. Pan, zoom, and read exact values off it. Riemann Sum and Integral Explorer Sim Watch rectangles converge on an integral, and compare how fast each rule gets there. Derivative and Tangent Line Explorer Sim Sweep a tangent along a curve and watch the derivative draw itself underneath, one gradient at a time. Derivative Calculator Exact derivatives with every rule named, from the product rule to the chain rule. Standard Deviation Calculator Mean, SD, SEM and a t-based confidence interval from pasted measurements. Error Propagation Calculator Uncertainty through sums, differences, products, quotients, powers and multipliers, properly rounded.
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Percent Error Calculator Compare a measurement to the accepted value and see percent, absolute and signed error. Unit Converter Convert between every unit this site uses, with the whole group shown at once. Physical Constants Ref Physical constants with units, and which are exact by definition rather than measured. SI Units and Prefixes Ref Every SI prefix from quetta to quecto, with the base units and their defining constants. 3D Vector and Cross Product Explorer Visual See where the cross product points, and why its length is an area. Fourier Series Visualiser Visual Harmonics added one at a time and drawn by turning circles, overshoot and all. Significant Figures Calculator Count sig figs digit by digit, round to any number of them, and carry them through arithmetic. Unit Circle Explorer Visual Drag a point round the circle and read sin, cos and tan as lengths, with exact values at the special angles. Linear Regression Calculator Least-squares line of best fit from pasted data, with uncertainties on the slope and intercept. Percent Difference Calculator The gap between two values as a percentage of their average, with the percent change each way. Chi-Square Calculator Goodness of fit and contingency tables, with expected counts, p-value, critical values and working. Scientific Notation Converter Scientific, E and engineering notation both ways, with working, plus arithmetic in scientific notation. Frequency Density and Histogram Calculator Frequency density for each class, a histogram where area is frequency, and the grouped mean, median and modal class. Error Bars and Worst-Fit Line Calculator Steepest and shallowest lines through every error bar, with the uncertainties in gradient and intercept they give. Sensitivity and Specificity Visualiser Visual Move a test’s cut-off and watch sensitivity, specificity and PPV change, on two bell curves and 1,000 people.